At this point no one should be specifying fluorescent lamps except in extremely specific situations (for example, I recently specified linear fluorescents and linear LED retrofit lamps in a themed environment set in the 1970s). Why? Not only are LEDs more energy efficient, but more bans go into effect today prohibiting the sale of fluorescent lamps, including the following:
California: Compact Fluorescent (CFL) lamps with pin-bases and linear fluorescent lamps. Note that a screw base CFL ban is already in effect.
Colorado: CFL screw-base lamps, CFL pin-base lamps, and linear fluorescent lamps.
Hawaii: CFL screw-base lamps.
Minnesota: CFL screw-base lamps.
Oregon: CFL pin-base lamps and linear fluorescent lamps.
Note that a screw base CFL ban is already in effect.
Rhode Island: CFL pin-base lamps and linear fluorescent lamps. Note that a screw base CFL ban is already in effect.
For additional information LEDvance has a table of bans, current and future, for all states and Canada here.
The big fluorescent news last week was that Minnesota has become the ninth state to pass a phase out of fluorescent lamps (the others are California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington). Minnesota’s timeline is aggressive – screw-based compact fluorescent lamps will be banned from sale six months from now, starting on January 1, 2025. Other fluorescent and mercury vapor lamps will be banned from sale beginning January 1, 2026.
The Minnesota House of Representatives has an information sheet about the new law here. What’s interesting is that the first topic is about reducing the hazard of exposure to mercury, not increasing energy efficiency. It’s not wrong, just curious. The information sheet then goes on to address reduced CO2 emissions, electricity savings, and reduced power plant mercury emissions.
Illinois also has fluorescent banning legislation working through the legislature, so by the end of the year we may see 10, 11 or more states that are phasing out fluorescents.
Last week California joined Vermont and the European Union in enacting a ban on fluorescent lamps. The California ban covers:
Screw or bayonet base CFLs beginning January 1, 2024
Pin-based CFLs beginning January 1, 2025
Linear fluorescent lamps (aka fluorescent tubes) beginning January 1, 2025
The ban isn’t complete because there are some specialty fluorescents that are not included, such as those used for copiers and scanners, disinfection, sunlamps for tanning, and specialized lamps for medical purposes. However, it does apply to:
CFLs of all tube diameters and all tube lengths, including PL, spiral, twin tube, triple tube, 2D, U-bend, and circular
Linear fluorescents including:
single-pin, two-pin, and recessed double contact
all tube diameters, including T5, T8, T10, and T12
all tube lengths from 6″ to 8′
all lamp shapes, including U-bend and circular
Over the next few years hundreds of thousands, probably millions, of fixtures will need to be replaced or, if possible, converted with LED retrofit lamps. From the perspective of efficiency and quality of light replacement is certainly preferred, but it won’t be cheap. It’s not clear if California or utilities will offer any sort of financing to make the change.
In another example of LEDs growing dominance in the lighting industry, General Electric has announced that it is “breaking up” with CFL lamps, and that it will stop manufacturing and sales of spiral retrofit lamps in the U.S. by the end of this year. According GE, CFLs and LEDs each accounted for about 15 percent of lamps sales last year. The sales of LEDs are increasing and sales of CFLs are decreasing.
The New York times has an “I Heart LEDs” article in today’s paper that leaves out some important information about evaluating them. Here are some additional thoughts.
The government hasn’t done a very good job of publicizing or explaining that the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) set minimum efficiency requirements for general use light bulbs (the act excluded decorative and colored products). The incandescent lamp that’s been around for over 100 years doesn’t meet the energy efficiency standard. Rather than re-engineer incandescent lamps, the lamp manufacturers have focused on expanding and emphasizing compact fluorescent (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) technologies. Again, you can still purchase 40 – 100 watt decorative incandescent lamps but not A-lamps, the most common shape in use.
The easiest substitution, one that requires no thinking about rewiring, dimming, etc., is the halogen lamp. Halogen lamps are an improvement on standard incandescent lamps, and many of them meet the EISA energy efficiency requirements.
If you’re looking for higher energy efficiency, and are willing to pay a higher price up front to get it, CFL and LED lamps are available in a wide range of wattages and shapes. However, they need to be approached with caution. Both technologies can be difficult to dim, especially with older dimmers that were designed with incandescent lamps in mind, so your existing dimmers may need to be replaced. They can also produce unsatisfactory tints of white light. LEDs are especially notorious for not matching the information provided on the packaging, as demonstrated through the Department of Energy’s CALiPER program.
Here’s what to look for. Every light bulb package should have a Lighting Facts Label that looks like this.
Lighting Facts Label
The orange/yellow/white/blue color bar is where you’ll find information about the warmth or coolness of the light, both with an arrow on the color bar and with a number. The number is called the Color Temperature (actually the correlated color temperature) and measures the warmth or coolness in Kelvin. The important thing to know is that a lower number (2700 to 3000 K) is roughly equal to an incandescent light bulb. As the number gets higher the light gets cooler.
Warmth/coolness isn’t the only measurement of the quality of light. Another consideration is how well the light source allows us to see the colors of objects. This is called Color Rendering (Color Accuracy on the Lighting Facts Label) and is indicated by a Color Rendering Index number. Higher numbers (with a maximum of 100) indicate better color rendering, so a light with a Color Accuracy of 95 should be visibly better than one of 80.
The Color Rendering Index is not very specific, however, and is known to misrepresent LEDs. Therefore you are the best, final test of whether or not a given light bulb is appropriate. I recommend purchasing only one or two and trying them out for a few days before committing to changing over your entire house.
My other recommendation is to stick with the major manufacturers (GE, Philips, Sylvania) for most lamps that you test. These companies have a track record of product consistency and quality that many of the newer manufacturers don’t. I can almost guarantee that with an off-brand 5-pack of lamps for $10 you’ll get what you pay for and hate the results. It’s not the technology that you’ll hate, but the manufacturer’s poor execution of the technology.
